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FAQ
Sixty-Five-Oh-What?
The 6502 is the famous processor found at the core of such influential computer systems as the Apple ][, the Commodore PET, the Atari 400 and 800 home video game consoles, the BBC Micro, and the Tamagotchi digital pet. Slight variations of it were found in the Commodore 64, the Atari 2600, and the original Nintendo Entertainment System.What's with the name and capitalization?
MOnSter 6502 is a play on the original manufacturer and device name (MOS 6502) as well as acknowledging its large size.How big is it?
It's a four layer circuit board, 12 × 15 inches, 0.1 inches thick, with surface mount components on both sides.How many components are there on the board?
In total, there are 4769 components on the board. There are 3218 transistors and 1019 resistors that comprise the 'functional' part of the 6502. In addition to these, there are also LEDs sprinkled throughout that indicate the values of various control lines, registers, and status bits, as well as additional transistors and resistors (not counted in those 'functional' totals) that are necessary to drive those LEDs.As of the second revision of the board, the design statistics are as follows:
- Components that correspond 1:1 with transistors in the original 6502:
- Total active transistors: 4237
- 3218 enhancement mode n-channel MOSFETs
- 2588 discrete
- 630 located on 164 quad transistor array chips (26 of these 656 transistors are not used)
- 1019 resistors (the original 6502 used depletion mode MOSFETs in place of resistors)
- 998 Additional parts present only in the MOnSter 6502:
- 313 LEDs (The first revision board, shown in the video, has only 167 LEDs)
- 270 extra MOSFETs for driving the LEDs
- 20 filter capacitors
- 32 bus capacitors
- 2 zero-ohm jumpers for net tie reasons
- 8 current limit resistors
- 314 resistors for the LEDs
- 36 diodes for ESD protection
- 2 jacks for 5 V power: main and alternate location
- 1 rectangular connector for the 40-pin 'ICR' ribbon cable
- Total parts: 4769
Are you nuts?
Probably.What is the current status of the project?
Headed towards a full public launch; delayed a bit by COVID.The first full-scale prototype was publicly demonstrated at the 2016 Bay Area Maker Faire. We brought it up to the stages of successfully running various programs in assembly, BASIC, and Forth. Our second prototype, a year later, fixed a few issues that we encountered when bringing up the first version (removing all of the patch wires) but also added over 100 additional LEDs, including one for every instruction decode line on the 6502's decode ROM.
Since the 6502 is just a microprocessor (CPU), about half of our work on the project (and most of our work since the first prototype) has actually been building up the capabilities around this processor — adding interfaces for a keyboard, monitor, and programming — so that you can actually use it. In the process of doing so, we have built up a single-board computer (a tiny motherboard) that uses the 6502 as its CPU, such that you can either use a socketed (vintage) 6502 IC, or the MOnSter 6502 through a cable.
More, we have been working towards a public launch, currently planned for spring 2022, building the MOnSter into a shadowbox enclosure complete with a tiny hidden 'motherboard' that the CPU sits in, so that it can run demonstration programs even without being plugged into a separate computer.
Does it run at the full speed of an original 6502 chip?
No; it's relatively slow. The MOnSter 6502 runs at about 1/20th the speed of the original, thanks to the much larger capacitance of the design. The maximum reliable clock rate is around 50 kHz. The primary limit to the clock speed is the gate capacitance of the MOSFETs that we are using, which is much larger than the capacitance of the MOSFETs on an original 6502 die.Can you hook it up inside an Apple ][ and run Oregon Trail?
No, not directly. It's neat to think of plugging the MOnSter 6502'sThere are some ways to get around limitations like these. For example, the Replica I computer (an Apple I clone) uses a Parallax Propeller chip to emulate a system clock and some of the timing-dependent external processing. The RetroShield 6502 is another example of a software-implemented Apple I compatible that can use a hardware 6502 processor. We are most excited about the new SmartyKit Apple I replica, which is specifically designed to run at a slower clock speed.
So what can it do?
It can act as an in-circuit hardware emulator for a 6502 integrated circuit, in any circuit that can run at a relatively low clock rate. We're currently running it on a custom 6502 development board (the single-board computer that we mentioned earlier) and doing things like running running BASIC, much as you would on an Apple ][. We have also plugged it into the CPU sockets of a few people's homebrew 6502 computers (including the Cactus and RetroShield 6502) that could run at variable clock speed. We are interested in finding other applications where it could be substituted for an original 6502.How long did it take?
This has been a ~5 year project, thus far. The primary design work was done over six months, from July 3 to December 1, 2015. There have been several stages of reviews and revisions since then.Is it truly a 'discrete 6502?'
Not in the strictest sense. However, it really depends upon how picky you would like to be.The MOnSter 6502 uses the original dynamic NMOS logic design, implemented at the individual transistor level.
Dynamic NMOS requires a large number of 'transmission gate' transistors that are used to switch currents. For various technical reasons, only a 4-terminal MOSFET can make an effective NMOS transmission gate. Unfortunately, individually packaged 4-terminal MOSFETs are no longer commercially available. However, they do still make arrays of 2 or 4 MOSFETs on a single chip with a separate substrate pin. We used the 4-pack version — These are the quad transistor array chips that we mentioned earlier.
Because these transistors do share a pin, there are (strictly speaking) integrated circuits in the MOnSter 6502. However, one might credibly argue that it is a discrete transistor design since there are not (for example) any logic gate chips in the circuit.
What are those little gold squares around the border?
The 40 square pads around the edge of the circuit board correspond to the 40 pins of the original 6502 integrated circuit. They're also designed to look like the wire-bond contact pads on an IC die — where the IC would be physically connected inside (for example) a 40-pin DIP package. These pads are functional contact points on the MOnSter 6502; you can hook up to them with alligator clips to probe or communicate with any pin.How much power does it draw?
It draws up to roughly 2 A at 5 V, or 10 W total. The LEDs are a significant part of the power consumption.Can I see it in person?
Due to the ongoing pandemic we haven't been taking the MOnSter to shows lately, but you can come visit us by appointment at Evil Mad Scientist Laboratories in Sunnyvale California for a demonstration. Please use our contact form to ask about available demonstration times.How big is the MOnSter 6502 compared to the original 6502 die?
The original device was 153 × 168 mils (3.9 × 4.3 mm) or an area of 16.6 square mm. Given that ours is 12 × 15 inches, that makes it about 7000 times actual size.How big would the MOnSter 6502 be if it were made with through-hole parts instead of surface mount parts?
About 19 square feet (1.7 square meters).How big would a 68000 microprocessor be at the scale of the MOnSter 6502?
Also about 19 square feet (1.7 square meters).Are you going to make a 68000 next?
No.Emulator Mac Gba
How big would a modern CPU be at this scale?
The Apple A8X, found in the iPad Air 2, contains about 3 billion transistors. (This is comparable to the number of transistors in modern desktop computer CPUs as well.) At the scale of the MOnSter 6502, that would take about 885,000 square feet (over 20 acres or 8 hectares) — an area about 940 ft (286 m) square.Are you going to make a dis-integrated modern CPU next?
No.Are you going to make one out of vacuum tubes next?
No.Are you going to make one out of relays next?
No. (Aren't we already doing enough to fight Moore's law?)Ds Emulator Mac
Can I buy one?
Hopefully in the near future! We are working towards a public launch, currently planned for Spring 2022; please Sign up for our mailing list if you would like to receive updates as we get further along.Is it expensive?
It is definitely not cheap to make one of these. We are currently estimating the cost at between $2k - $4k.While the circuit board itself is large and a little bit expensive, the cost is actually dominated by thecomponent and assembly costs of an extremely large number of tiny components, each of which is individuallyquite inexpensive. Add to that the setup and test costs of building complex things like these in small batches,and you can immediately see how it adds up.Is there going to be a soldering kit version of this?
No. (But on the other hand, 'Anything is a soldering kit if you're brave enough!')Credits
The MOnSter 6502 is a continuing work in progress, designed by Eric Schlaepfer, in collaboration with Evil Mad Scientist Laboratories. Together, we're the folks that brought you the 'Three Fives' discrete 555 timer and the XL741 discrete 741 op-amp.Special thanks to Ken Shirriff, visual6502.org, Chuck Peddle, and Bunnie Huang.
Stay up to date!
Please join our mailing list for occasional future updates.There are a lot of reasons why you would want to run Android emulators on your windows. some of them like to play new android games and apps on their pc with a larger screen and App developers may be trying to test their apps before releasing into the market.
You could try rooting and root apps as well. There are some best Android emulators for windows.
In this article, I am going to share with you 10 Best Android Emulators For Windows PC & Mac. These Best Android Emulators works fine on Windows 10, 8 & 7 and also Android Emulator for Mac.
Also check: Download PS3 Emulator for Android
Contents
- 1 10 Best Android Emulators For Windows PC & Mac
10 Best Android Emulators For Windows PC & Mac
1. Bluestacks (Best Android Emulator)
Bluestacks is the best android emulator for PC. It has more users over 130 million people worldwide and has an easy familiar interface and easy to set up. it’s one of the free emulators for Windows PC and Mac.
Most of the people want an android emulator on their pc is for gaming. Bluestacks mainly focus is on gaming and top-performing player to play the high graphics games and ensure you have a high graphics card on your PC.
Bluestacks emulator brings a lot of features like keyboard and mouse integration, Android TV support, and the ability to launch multiple games or apps in any instance. Download Bluestacks and enjoy android apps and games on your Windows PC.
2. Android Studio’s Emulator
Android Studio is the famous IDE for Android application development. It comes with several tools to develop android games and apps.
Now, it’s integrated with an emulator for the test out of your app or game. Android Studio emulator is not good for consumers, so that emulator would be most useful for Android developers and app tester.
3. Andy
Next android emulator on our list is Andy, which is a leading player in the Android emulator market. It runs pretty smooth on Android experience including productivity apps, games, and launchers.
You can even install root access for using root apps on your android emulator and able to control the gameplay through Android device if you synced with the emulator. which ignores the need for wire controllers, no other emulators having this feature.
Andy is available for both Windows & macOS, If you are Developers or App testers, better you go with Genymotion or Android Studio’s emulator which provides you with testing the app.
4. YouWave
YouWave is one of the older among all the Android emulators for PC, It was updated in 2016. This Android emulator has two different versions, Free and Premium versions. If you are download Free version, you’ll get Ice Cream Sandwich. Premium has extra features and with Android Lollipop.
YouWave doesn’t have any gaming features but still, you can lightweight games. However, it doesn’t need a high-end system configuration to run this android windows emulator. It is available for Windows & Mac OS.
5. GenyMotion
This Android Emulator is essentially for Android developers and app testers. You can configure the emulator as you like. for instance, if you need Nexus One with Android version 4.4 (KitKat) or Nexus 6p with Android 6.0 (Marshmallow) android marshmallow emulator. You can easily switch between any devices.
GenyMotion emulator has two different versions, the Free & Paid version. However Free version will give you the basic features of an android emulator but you are app developers then you should get the paid version. This is the best-paid android emulator for windows, Paid version afford many features which are commercial purpose also. It is available for Windows, Mac OS, and Linux.
Also Read: 3 Great DS and 3DS Emulators for Android
6. Remix OS Player
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Remix OS Player is one of newer and the best android emulator for windows 10. This Android emulator only for windows and it’s a free android emulator for Windows 10. It’s the only one runs the android marshmallow emulator, there is no other android emulator that can run android marshmallow emulator.
Remix OS Player has one sidebar to the right side, it has a lot of customization options. You can use it for multitasking as well as the taskbar similar to the one we can find in Windows 10. Remix OS supports dual booting, you could use as a desktop client or install Remix in a various partition in x86 suitable systems.
7. Ko Player
Ko Player is the best android emulator for PC and Google play store comes by default. It is compatible with all Android games and apps to run smoothly on Windows systems. It built on x86 Architecture, support advanced features like OpenGL & hardware acceleration, and compatibility than other Android Emulators.
Ko Player is only available for Windows and supports multiple accounts, video recording, gamepad, mouse, and keyboard. It is compatible with both AMD and Intel processors platforms and has issues that you will run into randomly.
Also check: Download IOS Emulator for Android To Run IOS Apps On Android
8. Nox App Player
Nox App Player is another android emulator for Windows & Mac OS. if you are gamer then Nox android emulator right for you. It’s run on Android 4.4 (KitKat) which many of you will be familiar with this version. Nox operates just like Bluestacks android emulator, we’ve already reviewed.
Nox App Player can easily set up and also get root access within one minute. You could install apps directly from the play store or install through apk (make sure you enable unknown sources in settings). It supports multitasking, mouse, keyboard and multiple accounts.
9. MEmu
MEmu is a brand new free android emulator for Windows PC and supports Jelly Bean, KitKat, and Lollipop. as they proclaim it will get Marshmallow & Nougat soon. It supports for both Intel & AMD Systems then you can run multiple instances and perform multitasking within the emulator, it is the best emulator which provides the highest performance and greatest compatibility.
MEmu is Flexible to customize CPU, memory, resolution, device model, root mode, etc. You can play with multiple apps/games in multiple windows. However, we recommend the android emulator for productivity, it’s available for Windows for free to download.
10. Xamarin
Xamarin is the Microsoft version of the android emulator, developers can only use the emulator efficiently. As might this is not the Best android emulator for everyone, If you are intended to use this, you might have a touchscreen laptop. And without Visual Studio you cannot run the emulator.
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If you are having low powered PC the android emulator might crash. We recommend the android emulator only for geeky developers.
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Conclusion:
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These are the Best Emulators for Windows and Mac OS. You can choose the best emulator for your needs. Hope you found it helpful using this article, feel free to share these 10 Best Android Emulators For Windows & Mac with your friends and relatives on Social media networks.